u. s. naval captain alfred thayer mahan argued that

Navy and Chinese maritime expansionism and of the British writer who argued that the costs of conflict were too high, even for those who would be victorious.įor modern China, claims to the South China Sea center around what is called the “nine-dash line”-literal dashes that, on the Chinese map, hug the coasts of other nations and encompass 90 percent of the waters of the South China Sea. That was when I started seeing ghosts: that of China’s greatest seafarer, a predecessor to Wu of the Dutch lawyer who penned the legal brief that now underpins the American argument against China’s claims of the American admiral whose philosophies offered a foundation for both the U.S. Wu sat in the center of the audience, in the fifth or sixth row, his gaze unwavering throughout. By then the South China Sea had already become a center of contention. Among them was Admiral Wu Shengli, the head of China’s navy at the time and the man who was driving its expansion to compete with the American Navy. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, the commanders of virtually all the world’s navies were there, a galaxy of admirals, all resplendent in their dress uniforms. When I was speaking on the challenges of globalization and international commerce at the U.S. That history is haunted in particular by four ghosts, long-departed men from centuries past whose shadows fall across the South China Sea, their legacies shaping the deepening rivalry in the region historical figures whose lives and work have framed the disputes about sovereignty and freedom of navigation, the competition of navies, as well as war and its costs.ĭuring the writing of my book, The New Map, I began thinking about these men. As Tommy Koh, a senior Singaporean diplomat who led negotiations to create the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, told me, “the South China Sea is about law, power, and resources, and about history.” It is not simply about one body of water, or a single boundary. The standoff over the South China Sea thus has many levels of complexity. These tensions grow out of a disagreement between the two countries as to whether the South China Sea is Chinese territory, a quarrel that speaks to a deeper dispute about maritime sovereignty, how it is decided upon, and the fundamental rights of movement in those waters. Given what is called the growing “strategic rivalry” between Washington and Beijing, the specter of an accident that in turn triggers a larger military confrontation preoccupies strategists in both capitals. In July, the two nations carried out competing naval exercises in those waters. It is also the most dangerous body of water in the world, the place where the militaries of the United States and China could most easily collide.Ĭhinese and American warships have just barely averted several incidents there over the past few years, and the Chinese military has warned off U.S.

T he South China Sea is the most important body of water for the world economy-through it passes at least one-third of global trade.

U. s. naval captain alfred thayer mahan argued that